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Background: Formaldehyde has been used as embalming fluid for cadavers’ in various medical colleges since decades, often alone but sometimes also with methyl alcohol, thymol crystals, glycerin and water. During dissection hours (average 6 hours per week), formaldehyde being an irritant can cause severe allergic responses in students of first year. Majorly the allergic symptoms are related to eyes, respiratory tract and skin.Methods: A case control study of 400 MBBS students was performed in Gujarat from April 2017-June 2017. The study included 200 case students who had been exposed to formaldehyde on 3 days of the week during anatomy dissection hours, also 200 final year students who were not exposed to formaldehyde regularly.Results: In our study, we have found the following positive responses to formaldehyde- general discomfort, sneezing, redness of eyes, itching of nostrils, irritation and itching of eyes, tears, blurring of vision, discharge from nostrils, and itching of skin while the following factors were found negative-vomiting, giddiness, drowsiness, nausea and difficulty in breathing.Conclusions: As, formaldehyde is commonly used and students are frequently exposed to it, it can be a cause of major concern and an alternative less toxic solution for embalming should be researched for.
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Background: Children are the future of our country and hence their mental and physical wellbeing should be our upmost priority. Undernutrition is a major public health problem in our country and is one of the most common reasons for morbidity and mortality in children under 5yrs of age. The first few years of life are particularly important because vital development occurs in all domains. Therefore, this study has aimed to study the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of the children of the age group 3-5 in urban and rural areas and study the factors associated with it.Methods: A cross section study of the children group of population was performed. Two sections of the children group were taken for the study- children population residing in an urban area and children population residing in a rural community of Rajasthan, India. The data was compiled and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results: In our study, we have found that The following chosen demographic factors were found associated with children Intelligence quotient (IQ) - nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and age, while gender was not found to be associated with IQ.Conclusions: As, cognitive development is fairly important to children and their future, it should be paid more acknowledgment, as well as early preventive methods of it’s associated factors.
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Background: Infertility is seen fairly common in these days and it cause not only reproductive but also psychological impairment of the parents. Infertility leads to multitude of personal as well as societal repercussions. There are various advances in technology which help the parents suffering from infertility. Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse in women <35 years not using contraception and after six months in women >35 years.Methods: A retrospective study of 400 females and their husbands’ coming to the department of gynecology, Umaid Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan was undertaken from February 2020 to March 2020. A structural self-constructed questionnaire was used in the study. A well-informed verbal consent was taken by the participants of the study. It had open and closed ended questions. Further, an ultrasound sonography (USG) was performed to check the reproductive organs of the patient, to find the cause of infertility, as well as biochemical examination on male sperm, was performed to find out the sperm abnormality, ejection disorders and other long-term illness.Results: In our study, we found multiple factors affecting infertility issues in females. These factors were- menstrual cycle abnormally, bleeding abnormality and years of active married life. We also found Polycystic ovarian disorder as a major underlying cause of female infertility and sperm abnormality as a major cause of male infertility.Conclusions: Authors recommend frequent female routine checkups to asses early case of infertility and treat it as early as possible.
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Background: Assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles include in vitro fertilization of the sperm and ovum and transferring the embryo formed into the uterus of the patients. In ART cycles, there is still a shroud of doubt regarding the pregnancy outcomes of embryo transfer on day 3 versus the embryo transfers on day 5 as well the better pregnancy outcome with fresh versus frozen embryo transfer and the number of embryos transferred. This study is aimed to evaluate these factors and study the way to optimize methods to obtain highest pregnancy outcomes.Methods: A retrospective study was performed of 87 patients who had undergone embryo transfers during the duration of the study from an IVF centre in Ahmedabad. Multiple factors were studied and the clinical outcome was tabulated. The pregnancy outcomes were compared using the values of beta- hcg (human chorionic gonadotropin). The data was compiled and analyzed using Google spreadsheets. To find the statistical difference between different factors- the statistical method of Fischer’s exact test and p-value was used.Results: No statistical difference between day 3 and day 5 embryo transfer as well as between frozen and fresh embryo transfer were both. All of them were found equally efficacious, although 3 and 5 number of embryo transfers were found efficacious.Conclusions: In conclusion authors recommend a day 5 embryo transfer with 3 or 5 embryos which are best-quality frozen or fresh embryos to achieve maximum pregnancy outcomes.
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A Hydatid disease or Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larvae (metacestode) of the cestode species of the genus Echinococcus. Humans are the accidental hosts of the diseases; they usually acquire it from canines; which are the definite host. It can present with systemic cyst, while cardiac manifestation of the disease is rare, due to contractile property of the heart’s muscle fiber which provide resistance. In this case report, the patient is diagnosed with hydatid cyst in the inter ventricular septum; it’s diagnosis and its successful treatment with surgery and albendazole. As, inter ventricular septum hydatid cyst occurs in only 0.5-2% cases, it’s a unique case and its successful treatment and diagnosis can help the physicians in the future to treat a similar case as this.
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Background: Depression is an emerging mental health condition and elderly population of the world is often affected by it. In the elderly, it often goes unnoticed and often burdens them.Methods: Two groups of population one from an old age home and the other from a community were selected. Data was collected using a Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and a demographic form. The data was compiled and analyzed using Google Spreadsheets.Results: Depression rates were found in both, the old age home and the community. The rates were found higher in the old age home than the community. The demographic factors chronic illness, gender, educational status and marital status were found to be associated with depression.Conclusions: As depression in elderly is a fairly common phenomenon, it should be paid more attention. The elderly should receive intervention for the disease and be able to sustain it.
ABSTRACT
Persistent genital arousal disorder is a recently recognized disorder. Its first case was reported in 2001, since then many cases have been diagnosed and treated with various methods, yet no FDA approved treatment guidelines have been proposed. Although it is a cause of not only sexual, but also psychological impairment to the patients of the disorder, Persistent genital arousal disorder is not well recognized currently due to the social stigma attached to it This study is important for the physicians treating a case of PGAD, as it has all the published data about the disorder.The review of literature was done by using all the research articles and case reports of PGAD using keywords like ‘persistent’, ‘genital’, ‘arousal’, ‘disorder’ on platforms like google scholar and pubmed. Various research articles and case reports were reviewed and grouped into different levels of intervention; at the female genital system, at the spinal cord and the brain. This study has evaluated all the possible etiologies and suggested the possible treatments and management strategies for the disorder. This study has thrown striking limelight on all the potential causes leading to PGAD, its potential line of treatment, and the management strategy. This study is based on the case reports found till date, but there is still a paucity in data, the number of reported cases is less due to a possible social stigma associated with the disease. The present investigation demands extensive research in the topic as this is a cause of social concern leading to psychological, emotional and nervous breakdown.
ABSTRACT
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a small blood vascular disorder, but with presence of no granulomas. This is a pauci- immune disorder vessels which lead to vascular inflammation and then later, it can lead to organ microscopic polyangiitis. This disorder affects multiple organs as it is a systemic disease, but usually presents with renal dysfunction - rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. There is a possible association of p- ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) and can help with the diagnosis of the disorder. This case report is of a 70-year-old female, who presented with symptoms of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. After routine blood examination, radiological examination- X ray (chest) and HRCT- thorax, routine urine examination, ANA and ANCA test, the final diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis with no renal involvement was made. The case was given immunosuppressant therapy and the patient reported of mitigation of symptoms. This case report is unique as MPA usually presents with renal dysfunction, but in this case, the patient had particularly pulmonary involvement with completely normal renal function. This case report will help future physicians for quick diagnosis of similar cases and treatment for the same.